Enfermedad oncoproliferativa en el receptor de trasplante renal. Nuestra experiencia / Oncoproliferative diseases in kidney transplant recipients. Our experience

Introducción: El cáncer conlleva a una mortalidad de hasta 12 % en los pacientes trasplantados, y se considera la tercera causa de morbilidad y mortalidad en los receptores, al ser estos susceptibles a desarrollar enfermedades oncoproliferativas, a largo plazo. Objetivo: Describir la incidencia de neoplasias en receptores de trasplante renal. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo y longitudinal que incluyó 15 receptores de trasplante renal funcionante, con diagnóstico de neoplasias malignas en diferentes localizaciones en el período comprendido entre enero de 2017 y junio de 2023 en el servicio de Nefrología del Hospital Universitario Clínico-Quirúrgico «Arnaldo Milián Castro» de Santa Clara, Villa Clara. Resultados: Predominaron los hombres y el color de piel blanca: 53,3 % y 73,3% respectivamente, con tiempo postrasplante superior a tres años en 12 pacientes (80 %). El antecedente de exposición al citomegalovirus representó el 80 %; la infección bacteriana de la vía respiratoria y digestiva fue la más frecuente. Conclusiones: La neoplasia intraepitelial cervicouterina, la de colon con metástasis hepática y las cerebrales resultaron las más frecuentes, y fueron tratadas con cirugía, quimioterapias o ambas, según los criterios quirúrgicos en cada caso; no obstante, la mortalidad fue elevada. La estirpe neoplásica preponderante fue la neoplasia intraepitelial cervical en un 26,6 %. La mortalidad fue alta y la supervivencia fue menor en el sexo masculino, sin rebasar los dos años posteriores al diagnóstico.

Introduction: cancer entails a mortality of up to 12 % in transplanted patients and is considered the third leading cause of morbidity and mortality in recipients who are susceptible to develop oncoproliferative diseases in the long term. Objective: to describe the incidence of neoplasms in renal transplant recipients. Methods: we carried out a descriptive and longitudinal study including 15 functioning renal transplant recipients who were diagnosed with malignant neoplasms in different locations in the Nephrology service at "Arnaldo Milián Castro" Clinical and Surgical University Hospital in Santa Clara, Villa Clara between January 2017 and June 2023. Results: males and white skin color predominated: 53.3 % and 73.3% respectively, with post-transplant time greater than three years in 12 patients (80 %). The history of cytomegalovirus exposure represented 80 %; bacterial infection of the respiratory and digestive tracts was the most frequent. Conclusions: cervicouterine intraepithelial neoplasia, colon cancer with liver and brain metastases were the most frequent and treated with surgery chemotherapies or both according to the surgical criteria in each case; however, mortality was elevated. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia predominated in a 26.6 %. Mortality was high and survival was lower in males, without exceeding two years after the diagnosis.

Pediatric chronic kidney disease: blood cell count indexes as inflammation markers / Doença renal crônica pediátrica: índices de contagem de células sanguíneas como marcadores de inflamação

Abstract Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as a progressive decline of kidney functions. In childhood, the main triggering factors are congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract (CAKUT) and glomerulopathies. Inflammatory responses present challenges for diagnosis and staging, which justifies studies on biomarkers/indexes. Aim: To define blood cell count indexes and verify their association with pediatric CKD etiology and staging. The included indexes were: Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), Derived Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (dNLR), Lymphocyte-Monocyte Ratio (LMR), Systemic Inflammation Response Index (SIRI), Aggregate Index of Systemic Inflammation (AISI), and Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII). Methods: We determined the indexes in 52 pediatric CKD patients and 33 healthy controls by mathematical calculation. CKD patients were separated in five groups based on the etiology and staging: Group IA: glomerulopathies at stage 1 or 2; IB: glomerulopathies at stage 3 or 4; IIA: CAKUT at stage 1 or 2; IIB: CAKUT at stage 3 or 4; and III: stages 3 or 4 of other etiologies. In addition, we combined all patients with CKD in one group (IV). Group V was a healthy control group. Results: Lower values of LMR were observed for groups IB and IIB compared to group V (p = 0.047, p = 0.031, respectively). Increased values of SIRI were found for group III versus group V (p = 0.030). There was no difference for other indexes when the groups were compared two by two. Conclusion: The LMR and SIRI indexes showed promising results in the evaluation of inflammation, as they correlated with CKD etiologies and specially staging in these patients.

Resumo Introdução: Doença renal crônica (DRC) é definida como um declínio progressivo das funções renais. Na infância, os principais fatores desencadeantes são anomalias congênitas dos rins e trato urinário (CAKUT) e glomerulopatias. Respostas inflamatórias apresentam desafios para diagnóstico e estadiamento, o que justifica estudos sobre biomarcadores/índices. Objetivo: Definir índices de contagem de células sanguíneas e verificar sua associação com etiologia e estadiamento da DRC pediátrica. Os índices incluídos foram: Razão Neutrófilo-Linfócito (NLR), Razão Neutrófilo-Linfócito Derivada (dNLR), Razão Linfócito-Monócito (LMR), Índice de Resposta à Inflamação Sistêmica (SIRI), Índice Agregado de Inflamação Sistêmica (AISI) e Índice de Inflamação Imune Sistêmica (SII). Métodos: Determinamos índices em 52 pacientes pediátricos com DRC e 33 controles saudáveis por cálculo matemático. Pacientes com DRC foram separados em cinco grupos conforme etiologia e estadiamento: Grupo IA: glomerulopatias em estágio 1 ou 2; IB: glomerulopatias em estágio 3 ou 4; IIA: CAKUT em estágio 1 ou 2; IIB: CAKUT em estágio 3 ou 4; e III: estágios 3 ou 4 de outras etiologias. Além disso, combinamos todos os pacientes com DRC em um grupo (IV). Grupo V foi um grupo controle saudável. Resultados: Observamos valores menores de LMR nos grupos IB e IIB comparados ao grupo V (p=0,047; p=0,031, respectivamente). Encontramos valores maiores de SIRI para o grupo III versus grupo V (p=0,030). Não houve diferença para outros índices quando os grupos foram comparados dois a dois. Conclusão: Os índices LMR e SIRI apresentaram resultados promissores na avaliação da inflamação, pois correlacionaram-se com as etiologias da DRC e, principalmente, com o estadiamento desses pacientes.

Evaluation of the use of a Renal Health application by kidney transplant recipients / Avaliação do uso do aplicativo Renal Health por transplantados renais / Evaluación del uso de la Aplicación Renal Health por parte de los receptores de trasplante renal

Abstract Objective: to evaluate the use of a renal health application by kidney transplant recipients. Method: a retrospective, observational study with a sample composed of individuals registered in the kidney transplant section of the application from July of 2018 to April of 2021. Demographic data, data entry, time of use, weight, blood pressure, blood glucose, creatinine, medication schedules, appointments, and tests were the variables collected. Descriptive analysis of the data was performed. Results: eight hundred and twenty-three downloads of the application were identified, and 12.3% of those were registered as kidney transplant recipients, the majority from southeastern Brazil (44.9%), 36±11 years old, and female (59.1%). Of the sample, 35.1% entered information such as creatinine (62%), weight (58.2%), and blood pressure (51.8%). Most used the application for one day (63.3%) and 13.9% for more than one hundred days. Those who used it for more than one day (36.7%) recorded weight (69%), medication intake (65.5%) and creatinine (62%), and scheduled appointments (69%). Conclusion: the kidney transplant recipient section of the Renal Health application generated interest in the young population, but showed low adherence throughout the assessed months. These results offer a relevant perspective on the implementation of mHealth technologies in kidney transplantation.

Resumo Objetivo: avaliar o uso do aplicativo Renal Health por transplantados renais. Método: estudo observacional retrospectivo com amostra composta por usuários que realizaram cadastro na seção para transplantados renais do aplicativo de julho de 2018 a abril de 2021. Foram coletadas as seguintes variáveis: dados demográficos, inserção de dados, tempo de uso, registros de peso, pressão arterial, glicemia, creatinina, horários das medicações, consultas e exames. Realizou-se análise descritiva dos dados. Resultados: houve 1.823 downloads do aplicativo e 12,3% cadastraram-se na seção para transplantados renais, a maioria do Sudeste do Brasil (44,9%), com 36±11 anos e do sexo feminino (59,1%). Da amostra, 35,1% inseriram informações como creatinina (62%), peso (58,2%) e pressão arterial (51,8%). A maioria utilizou o aplicativo por um dia (63,3%) e 13,9% por mais de cem dias. Os que utilizaram por mais de um dia (36,7%), inseriram peso (69%), agendaram consultas (69%), medicações (65,5%) e creatinina (62%). Conclusão: a seção para transplantados renais do aplicativo Renal Health despertou interesse na população jovem, mas apresentou baixa adesão ao longo dos meses avaliados. Esses resultados oferecem perspectiva relevante na implementação de tecnologias mHealth no transplante renal.

Resumen Objetivo: evaluar el uso de la aplicación Renal Health por parte de los receptores de trasplante renal. Método: estudio observacional retrospectivo con una muestra compuesta por usuarios que se registraron en la sección de trasplantados renales dentro de la aplicación desde julio de 2018 hasta abril de 2021. Se recolectaron las siguientes variables: datos demográficos, ingreso de datos, tiempo de uso, registros de peso, presión arterial, glucosa en sangre, creatinina, esquemas de medicación, consultas y exámenes. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de los datos. Resultados: Ocurrieron 1.823 descargas de la aplicación y 12,3% se registró en la sección de trasplantados, la mayoría del sudeste de Brasil (44,9%), con edad de 36±11 años y del sexo femenino (59,1%). De la muestra, 35,1% ingresó información como: creatinina (62%), peso (58,2%) y presión arterial (51,8%). La mayoría utilizó la aplicación durante un día (63,3%) y el 13,9% más de cien días. Quienes lo usaron por más de un día (36,7%), agregaron peso (69%), programación de consultas (69%), medicación (65,5%) y creatinina (62%). Conclusión: la sección para trasplantados renales de la aplicación Renal Health despertó interés en la población joven, pero mostró baja adherencia en los meses evaluados. Estos resultados ofrecen una perspectiva relevante en la implementación de tecnologías mHealth en el trasplante renal.

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the EPOCH-RRT questionnaire "Empowering Patients On Choices For Renal Replacement Therapy" for the Brazilian context / Tradução, adaptação transcultural e validação do questionário EPOCH-RRT "Empowering Patients On Choices For Renal Replacement Therapy" para o contexto brasileiro

Abstract Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global public health problem. In Brazil, the incidence and prevalence rates of dialysis CKD progressively increase, but the transition process is a challenge for patients and caregivers in coping with the disease. Dialysis urgency, lack of planned access or prior knowledge of treatment is a reality for most. Guidelines recommend that treatment options should include the conscious preference of a fully informed patient. However, pre-dialysis educational information is an exception, leading to a large number of unplanned initial dialysis. The original study "Empowering Patients on Choices for Renal Replacement Therapy" (EPOCH-RRT) aimed to identify patient priorities and gaps in shared decision-making about dialysis, using structured interviews with questions about demographics, clinical history and patients' perception of their health. The goal of this study was to carry out the translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the questionnaires used in the EPOCH-RRT Study for the Brazilian context. Method: This is a methodological study that consisted of the initial translation, synthesis of the translations, back translation, review by a committee of experts, pre-test and evaluation of the psychometric properties of the instrument. All ethical precepts were followed. Results: The questionnaires were translated, adapted and validated for the Brazilian context. Additionally, it was applied to 84 chronic renal patients on hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and outpatients. Discussion: There is a lack of an educational-therapeutic approach aimed at patients with CKD, and the EPOCH-RRT questionnaire can be a tool for Brazilian dialysis services to change this paradigm.

Resumo Introdução: A doença renal crônica (DRC) é um problema de saúde pública mundial. No Brasil, as taxas de incidência e prevalência da DRC dialítica aumentam progressivamente, mas o processo de transição apresenta-se como desafio para pacientes e cuidadores no enfrentamento da doença. Urgência dialítica, ausência de acesso planejado ou conhecimento prévio do tratamento é uma realidade para a maioria. Diretrizes recomendam que opções de tratamento devam incluir a preferência consciente de um paciente totalmente informado. No entanto, informação educacional pré-diálise é exceção, acarretando grande número de diálises iniciais não planejadas. O estudo original "Empowering Patients on Choices for Renal Replacement Therapy" (EPOCH-RRT) teve por objetivo identificar as prioridades do paciente e as lacunas na tomada de decisões compartilhadas sobre a diálise, utilizando entrevistas estruturadas, com questões sobre dados demográficos, história clínica e percepção dos pacientes sobre sua saúde. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi realizar a tradução, adaptação transcultural e validação dos questionários utilizados no Estudo EPOCH-RRT para o contexto brasileiro. Método: Trata-se de estudo metodológico que consistiu na tradução inicial, síntese das traduções, retro tradução, revisão por um comitê de especialistas, pré-teste e avaliação das propriedades psicométricas do instrumento. Todos os preceitos éticos foram seguidos. Resultados: Os questionários foram traduzidos, adaptados e validados para o contexto brasileiro. Adicionalmente, foi aplicado em 84 pacientes renais crônicos em hemodiálise, diálise peritoneal e ambulatoriais. Discussão: Há carência de enfoque educativo-terapêutico dirigido aos pacientes com DRC, e o questionário EPOCH-RRT pode ser uma ferramenta para serviços de diálise brasileiros mudarem esse paradigma.

Proteinuria y síndrome nefrótico / Proteinuria and Nephrotic Syndrome

Introducción: El síndrome nefrótico es una patología que afecta el complejo glomerular del riñón, se caracteriza por una proteinuria mayor 3500 mg/d. De acuerdo a la respuesta de los esteroides se puede clasificar en síndrome nefrótico en esteroide resistente o esteroide sensible. Objetivo: Determinar la relación que existe entre la proteinuria y las variantes del síndrome nefrótico en adultos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, tipo serie de casos, con una población de 28 pacientes. Se recolectaron y se procesaron los datos a través del software Epi-Info 7,2TM; la frecuencia simple, la media estadística, prueba t de Student, y el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. Resultados: En el análisis combinatorio de los fármacos adyuvantes para síndrome nefrótico, el grupo que utilizó antiproteinúricos pero no estatinas, demostró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre la proteinuria postratamiento media del grupo de síndrome nefrótico esteroideo resistente (6202 mg/d) vs síndrome nefrótico esteroideo sensible (65,9 mg/d) (valor de p 0,418). Existe una correlación negativa entre los niveles proteinuria postratamiento y el nivel de albúmina sérica postratamiento (r = - 0,7 valor de p < 0,00001). Conclusiones: Se demostró la ausencia de asociación entre la proteinuria inicial y las variantes de síndrome nefrótico esteroide sensible y esteroide resistente (valor de p = 0,8)(AU)

Introduction: Nephrotic syndrome is a pathology that affects the glomerular complex of the kidney, characterized by proteinuria greater than 3500 mg/d. According to the response to steroids, nephrotic syndrome can be classified as steroid-resistant or steroid-sensitive. Objective: To determine the relationship between proteinuria and the variants of the nephrotic syndrome in adults. Methods: A descriptive, retrospective, case series type study was carried out with a population of 28 patients. The data was collected and processed through Epi-Info 7.2TM software; simple frequency, statistical mean, student's t-test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: The statistically significant difference was obtained in the antiproteinuric and non-statin group, between the mean post-treatment proteinuria of the steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome group (6202 mg/d) in comparison to steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome (65.9 mg/d) (p value 0.0418). There is negative correlation between post-treatment proteinuria levels and post-treatment serum albumin level (r= -0.7 p value <0.00001). Conclusions: The absence of association between initial proteinuria and steroid-sensitive and steroid-resistant variants of nephrotic syndrome was demonstrated (p value=0.8)(AU)

Drug-drug interactions of immunosuppressants and other drugs in kidney post-transplant recipients

Introduction: Immunosuppressants (ISS) are the most crucial tools used in the therapeutic regimens of transplant recipients. Nevertheless, these drugs are not the only ones adopted by patients; therefore, knowing the possible drug-drug interactions (DDIs) between immunosuppressants and other drugs commonly used in kidney transplant recipients is essential to ensure the effectiveness and safety of treatments. In this way, the objective is analyzing the DDIs between the immunosuppressants and other commonly used medications on kidney transplant adult recipients with active medical records undergoing post-transplant follow-up for 4.4 years (mean). Methods: First, we performed a cross-sectional study based on patients' records, in which the patient's profile and drugs used were examined, and after we analyzed DDIs by the Micromedex Drug Interactions® database. Results: We analyzed 176 patients with a mean age of 47.6(± 12.5); most were male (67.7%), and the majority received a kidney from a deceased donor (81.4%). Patients were exposed to 15.0 (± 5.4) different medicines after the transplantation, and 7.4 (± 4.0) of these medicines were simultaneous. After analyzing the DDIs according to the severity of interaction, documentation quality interaction effect, clinical management and probable interaction mechanism, the most frequent interaction was with tacrolimus, classified as moderate, and the 3 major causes of interaction occurred with azathioprine according to the Micromedex database. The primary medicines involved with immunosuppressant interactions were proton pump inhibitors, ranitidine, domperidone, amlodipine, enalapril, allopurinol, cyclobenzaprine, amitriptyline, fluoxetine, and ciprofloxacin. These DDIs' effects were related to, mainly, increase their immunosuppressant activity. Conclusion: Although the immunosuppressants analyzed lacked many clinical DDIs significance with other medicines, the healthcare team needs to monitor their DDIs' effects to prevent and minimize side effects in transplanted recipients.

Intervenções de enfermagem frente a complicações apresentadas por pacientes hemodialíticos: uma revisão integrativa / Nursing interventions in the face of complications presented by hemodialytic patients: an integrative review / Intervenciones de enfermeros ante complicaciones presentadas por pacientes hemodiálicos: una revisión integrativa

Objetivo: Identificar as evidências disponíveis na literatura acerca das intervenções de enfermagem frente aos cuidados diante das complicações inerentes ao tratamento hemodialítico. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura através de buscas nas bases de dados PubMed; BVS e Scopus, em abril de 2023. Estabeleceu-se a pergunta norteadora: "Quais são as evidências disponíveis na literatura acerca das intervenções de enfermagem frente a complicações apresentadas por pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise?". Foram excluídos protocolos de revisão sistemática ou meta análise e estudos incompletos, que não fazem referências ao objetivo da pesquisa. Resultados: Na busca foram selecionados 09 estudos para essa revisão, que atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade. Foi evidenciado na literatura que a implementação de medidas preventivas específicas durante o processo de HD pode reduzir significativamente a incidência de complicações em pacientes submetidos a esse procedimento. Quanto as complicações mais frequentes em pacientes em tratamento, são elas: náuseas, cefaleia, hipotensão, cãibras, coagulação e infecções. Evidencia-se que a identificação e gerenciamento precoce dessas complicações podem melhorar os resultados clínicos e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Os cuidados de enfermagem como monitorização frequente dos sinais vitais, higienização adequada, administração correta de fármacos, orientações voltadas para o autocuidado, além de medidas inovadoras são importantes para garantir a segurança do paciente durante tratamento. É necessário o conhecimento dos profissionais sobre as complicações associadas à HD para que assim estejam aptos a intervir da maneira correta. Considerações finais: Os estudos mostraram que é imprescindível que os profissionais de saúde envolvidos na assistência, especialmente enfermeiros, estejam aptos para intervir em possíveis complicações durante a terapia, a fim de minimizar os impactos à saúde do paciente.

Objective: To identify the evidence available in the literature about nursing interventions in the face of complications inherent to hemodialysis treatment. Methodology: This is an integrative review of the literature through searches in the PubMed databases; VHL and Scopus in April 2023. The guiding question was established: "What is the evidence available in the literature about nursing interventions in the face of complications presented by patients submitted to hemodialysis?" Systematic review protocols or meta-analysis and incomplete studies were excluded, which do not make reference to the purpose of the research. Results: In the search, 09 studies were selected for this review, which met the eligibility criteria. It was evidenced in the literature that the implementation of specific preventive measures during the HD process can significantly reduce the incidence of complications in patients undergoing this procedure. The most common complications in patients undergoing treatment are: nausea, headache, hypotension, cramps, clotting, and infections. Evidence shows that early identification and management of these complications can improve clinical outcomes and patients' quality of life. Nursing care such as frequent monitoring of vital signs, proper hygiene, correct drug administration, self-care guidelines, and innovative measures are important to ensure patient safety during treatment. Professionals need to be aware of the complications associated with HD so that they are able to intervene in the right way. Final considerations: Studies have shown that it is essential that healthcare professionals involved in care, especially nurses, are able to intervene in possible complications during therapy in order to minimize the impacts on patient health.

Propósito: identificar la evidencia disponible en la literatura sobre intervenciones de enfermería frente a la atención ante complicaciones inherentes al tratamiento hemodiáltico. Metodología: Se trata de una revisión integral de la literatura a través de búsquedas en bases de datos de PubMed; BVS y Scopus en abril de 2023. Se planteó la siguiente pregunta: "¿Cuál es la evidencia disponible en la literatura sobre intervenciones de enfermería frente a complicaciones presentadas por pacientes sometidos a hemodiálisis?". Se excluyeron los protocolos de revisión sistemática o metaanálisis y los estudios incompletos, que no hacen referencia al objetivo de la investigación. Resultados: En la búsqueda se seleccionaron 09 estudios para esta revisión, que cumplieron con los criterios de elegibilidad. Se ha demostrado en la literatura que la aplicación de medidas preventivas específicas durante el proceso de HD puede reducir significativamente la incidencia de complicaciones en los pacientes sometidos a este procedimiento. Las complicaciones más frecuentes en los pacientes tratados son náuseas, cefalea, hipotensión, calambres, coagulación e infecciones. Es evidente que la identificación y manejo tempranos de estas complicaciones pueden mejorar los resultados clínicos y la calidad de vida de los pacientes. La atención de enfermería, como la vigilancia frecuente de los signos vitales, la higiene adecuada, la administración adecuada de medicamentos, la orientación sobre el autocuidado y las medidas innovadoras son importantes para garantizar la seguridad de los pacientes durante el tratamiento. Los profesionales deben ser conscientes de las complicaciones asociadas a la HD para que puedan intervenir de la manera correcta. Consideraciones finales: los estudios han demostrado que es esencial que los profesionales de la salud involucrados en la atención, especialmente las enfermeras, puedan intervenir en posibles complicaciones durante el tratamiento para minimizar el impacto en la salud del paciente.

Processo de ensino-aprendizagem em nefrologia: uma revisão integrativa / Teaching-Learning Process in Nephrology: An Integrative Review

Resumo: Introdução: A redução da procura pelos Programas de Residência Médica em Nefrologia na última década é um assunto que vem ganhando relevância, notadamente nas discussões suscitadas pelas sociedades científicas e associações médicas por todo o mundo. Constata-se que há falta de interesse pela especialidade desencadeado por processos de ensino-aprendizagem inadequados no sentido de gerar interesse dos graduandos. Diante desse cenário, é fundamental compreender quais são os fatores que influenciam o processo de ensino-aprendizagem na nefrologia durante a graduação. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as estratégias de ensino-aprendizagem em nefrologia e seus resultados durante a graduação em Medicina. Método: Foi realizada uma revisão integrativa de artigos publicados em inglês, espanhol e português sobre o ensino de nefrologia na graduação em Medicina, com busca em quatro bases de dados (PubMed, ERIC, SciELO e Lilacs). Usamos as seguintes palavras-chave em nossas pesquisas: "educação médica", "estudantes de medicina", "nefrologia", "métodos de ensino" (em português), "medical education", "medical students", "nephrology" e "teaching methods" (em inglês) e "educación médica", "estudiantes de medicina", "nefrología" e "métodos de enseñanza" (em espanhol). Resultado: Observou-se um papel relevante do uso de metodologias ativas nos processos de ensino-aprendizagem como uma ferramenta promissora para ampliar o interesse dos estudantes pelo tema. Além disso, constatou-se que uma parcela dos educadores médicos envolvidos com o ensino da nefrologia é, na realidade, composta de não nefrologistas. Por fim, percebe-se um papel do uso de ferramentas on-line como estratégia para ampliar o interesse dos estudantes pela disciplina. Conclusão: Falta rigor no desenho dos estudos sobre a formação do estudante de Medicina em nefrologia, o que não permite aferir resultados precisos sobre o impacto das metodologias de ensino-aprendizagem. Estudos controlados randomizados bem desenhados, bem como o uso de estudos de coorte comparando metodologias de ensino-aprendizagem, são necessários para avaliar efetivamente as técnicas educacionais introduzidas nos currículos das escolas médicas.

Abstract: Introduction: The reduced demand for Medical Residency Programs in Nephrology in the last decade is a subject that has been gaining relevance, notably in discussions raised by scientific societies and medical associations around the world. It appears that there is a lack of interest in the specialty, triggered by teaching-learning processes that are inadequate to generate interest among undergraduates. Given this scenario, it is essential to understand which factors influence the teaching-learning process in Nephrology during undergraduate training. Objective: To analyze teaching-learning strategies in nephrology and their results during undergraduate medical training. Method: An integrative review of articles published in English, Spanish and Portuguese on teaching of nephrology in undergraduate medicine was carried out, searching four databases (PubMed, ERIC, SciELO and Lilacs). We used the following keywords in our searches: "medical education", "medical students", "nephrology", "teaching methods", "medical education", "medical students", "nephrology" and "teaching methods" (in English) and "educational medicine", "medicine students", "nephrology" and "metodos de enseñanza" (in Spanish). Results: A relevant role was observed in the use of active teaching-learning methodologies as a promising tool to increase student interest in the subject. In addition, it was found that a portion of medical educators involved in the teaching of Nephrology are, in fact, not nephrologists. Finally, there is a role for the use of online tools as a strategy to increase student interest in the discipline. Conclusion: There is a lack of rigor in the design of studies on the training of medical students in nephrology, which does not allow for accurate results on the impact of teaching-learning methodologies. Well-designed randomized controlled trials, as well as the use of cohort studies comparing teaching-learning methodologies, are needed to assess the effectiveness of educational techniques introduced in medical school curricula.

Facteurs associés à l'hospitalisation prolongée et à la mortalité au niveau du service de néphrologie de l'hôpital Aristide Le Dantec de Dakar / Factors associated with prolonged hospitalization and mortality in the nephrology department of the Aristide Le Dantec hospital in Dakar

Introduction : L'hospitalisation en néphrologie n'avait pas fait l'objet de plusieurs études au Sénégal et les données sont limitées. Notre travail avait pour but de déterminer les facteurs associés à l'hospitalisation prolongée et à la mortalité en néphrologie. Patients et méthodes : Il s'agissait d'une étude observationnelle prospective de 5 mois incluant tous les patients hospitalisés dans le service durant au moins 24H. La durée d'hospitalisation (la période allant du jour d'admission dans la chambre d'hospitalisation au jour de sortie du patient) était dite prolongée si > 12 jours. Résultats : Quatre-vingt-dix-neuf patients ont été analysés durant cette période avec une durée moyenne en hospitalisation de 11,14 ± 9,89 jours. L'âge moyen était de 45,22 ± 18,03 ans avec un sex-ratio (H/F) de 0,62. Les anomalies biologiques étaient : l'hyponatrémie (62,36%), l'hypokaliémie (23,91%), l'hypocalcémie (25%), l'hyperphosphatémie (51,21%), l'anémie (92,30%), la CRP élevée (90,90%) et l'hypoalbuminémie (80,76%). La protéinurie moyenne était de 3,38 ± 3,35 g/24h avec 34,61% de protéinurie néphrotique. La mortalité hospitalière était de 25,25%. En analyse univariée, l'hospitalisation prolongée était associée à l'âge ≤ 45 ans (p = 0,018), aux patients non dialysés chroniques (p=0,034), à la transfusion sanguine (p=0,008) tandis que la mortalité était liée à l'âge de plus de 45 ans (p=0,032), le diabète (p=0,014), l'hypokaliémie (p=0,045) et l'hospitalisation prolongé (p=0,007). En analyse multivariée, les patients présentant des œdèmes et ceux ayant été transfusés avaient respectivement 2,89 et 3,9 fois plus de risque d'avoir une hospitalisation prolongée. Les patients diabétiques avaient 4,63 fois plus de risque de décès et ceux ayant été hospitalisés de plus de 12 jours avaient 0,14 fois de risque de décès. Conclusion : La durée d'hospitalisation était relativement prolongée avec une mortalité élevée. Cependant l'impact de certains facteurs a été démontré permettant ainsi de réduire la durée d'hospitalisation et le nombre de décès.

Introduction: Hospitalization in nephrology had not been the subject of several studies in Senegal and the data are limited. Our work aimed to determine the factors associated with prolonged hospitalization and mortality in nephrology. Patients and methods: This was a 5-month prospective observational study including all patients hospitalized in the department for at least 24 hours. The duration of hospitalization (the period from the day of admission to the hospital room to the day of the patient's discharge) was said to be prolonged if > 12 days. Results: Ninety-nine patients were analyzed during this period with an average hospital stay of 11.14 ± 9.89 days. The mean age was 45.22 ± 18.03 years with a sex ratio (M/F) of 0.62. The biological abnormalities were: hyponatremia (62.36%), hypokalemia (23.91%), hypocalcemia (25%), hyperphosphatemia (51.21%), anemia (92.30 %), elevated CRP (90.90%) and hypoalbuminemia (80.76%). The mean proteinuria was 3.38 ± 3.35 g/24h with 34.61% nephrotic proteinuria. Hospital mortality was 25.25%. In univariate analysis, prolonged hospitalization was associated with age ≤ 45 years (p = 0.018), chronic non-dialysis patients (p = 0.034), blood transfusion (p = 0.008) while mortality was related to age over 45 (p=0.032), diabetes (p=0.014), hypokalaemia (p=0.045) and prolonged hospitalization (p=0.007). In multivariate analysis, patients with edema and those who had been transfused were respectively 2.89 and 3.9 times more likely to have prolonged hospitalization. Diabetic patients had a 4.63 times greater risk of death and those who had been hospitalized for more than 12 days had a 0.14 times greater risk of death. Conclusion: The duration of hospitalization was relatively prolonged with high mortality. However, the impact of certain factors has been demonstrated, thus making it possible to reduce the duration of hospitalization and the number of deaths

Enzyme Replacement Therapy in the Treatment of Fabry Disease / 罕见病研究

Fabry disease is an X-linked inherited lysosomal storage disease caused by the mutation of GLA gene that encodes α-galactosidase A (α-Gal A). GLA gene mutation causes the decline or deficiency in the activity of α-Gal A, leading to the accumulation of its substrates in the lysosomes of multiple organs and tissue that causes systemic damage and threatens the life of patients. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is the standard of care for Fabry disease. ERT slows or prevents the progression of organ damage, effectively improving heart, brain, kidney functions and significantly improves quality of life. At present, there are two main ERT drugs, agalsidase alpha and agalsidase beta, which have the same amino acid sequence and different N-terminal sugars, and are used for the treatment of Fabry disease. In this paper, the efficacy and safety of ERT in the treatment of Fabry disease were summarized by reviewing the relevant literature at home and abroad and combining the results of some cases treated in Department of Nephrology, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University. Previous literature has shown that enzyme replacement therapy is the most important specific treatment for Fabry disease, which has a protective effect on important organs such as kidney, heart, and nervous system.

Observation on the teaching effect of mind mapping on interns in nephrology department / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To improve the critical thinking ability of interns in nephrology department based on electronic "Spot" mind mapping teaching method.Methods:In the control group, the traditional clinical teaching method was adopted. Each kidney disease unit was divided into 3 courses. ①The clinical practice teacher dictated or demonstrated his/her experience to the student in the first class. ②Students could exchange questions and answers in the second class. ③In the third class, according to the homework situation, the teacher presided over the discussion, guided the students to express their difficulties and help them solve the problems. The research group adopted the electronic "Spot" mind mapping teaching method: ①Grouping: the students were divided into groups, 6 to 8 people in each group, a total of 16 groups. ②Preparation: each group established a WeChat group, and teachers guided them download the Mindmanager software and learn its mapping method. ③In class: each kidney disease unit was divided into 3 sessions. In the first class, based on what the instructor taught, the students summarized the contents and drew a mind map, and then explain their understanding according to the map. In the second class, "Spot" in the group was conducted based on standards, reading each other in the group, actively discussing with each other, further improving and reconstructing the core knowledge points of the chapter, and encouraging each student to actively participate in enhancing their subjective initiative in learning. In the third class, teachers evaluated students according to their learning situation, and students filled in the gaps according to their opinions, perfected their mind maps, and finally posted to the WeChat group. ④Review: the final versions were sent to the WeChat groups as review materials, which was convenient for learning together. SPSS 24.0 was used for Chi-square test.Results:There was no significant difference between the two groups before study ( P>0.005). After the research, the scores of theory test ( t=2.52, P=0.015), clinical skill test ( t=2.22, P=0.034) and total score ( t=3.53, P=0.003) in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the scores of critical thinking ability between the two groups before research ( P>0.05). Six months after research, the total scores of critical thinking ability in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The introduction of electronic "Spot" mind mapping teaching method into clinical practice teaching can realize the cross-linking of related knowledge points and systematize the knowledge. At the same time, it is interesting and can stimulate students' learning interest, and is helpful to cultivate the clinical critical thinking ability of students.

Avaliação da qualidade de vida de pacientes renais crônicos submetidos à hemodiálise ­ casos da Santa Casa de Caridade de Diamantina / Quality of life assessment of chronic kidney patients undegoing hemodialysis ­ Cases of Santa Casa in caridade / Evaluación de la calidad de vida de los pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica sometidos a hemodiálisis - casos de la Santa Casa de Caridade de Diamantina

Contexto: A doença renal crônica representa um sério problema de saúde pública, devido aos crescentes índices de morbimortalidade, e que associado à rotina de sessões de hemodiálise, promove alterações na qualidade de vida dos indivíduos com esta condição. Objetivo: Avaliar os fatores relacionados à qualidade de vida de pacientes renais crônicos em tratamento hemodialítico. Desenho e local: Estudo transversal, quantitativo, composto por 52 pacientes em hemodiálise no hospital Santa Casa de Caridade de Diamantina, Diamantina (MG), em 2017. Métodos: Foram utilizados dois questionários: socioeconômico-demográfico e o instrumento Kidney Disease and Quality of life Short Form. Os dados referentes à qualidade de vida foram analisados pelo programa elaborado e disponibilizado pelo Working Group. Resultados: Como fatores relacionados à baixa qualidade de vida foram encontrados: situação ocupacional (33,65 ± 26,71), peso da doença renal (49,28 ± 21,58), funcionamento físico (53,37 ± 22,39), saúde geral (54,71 ± 27,19) e função emocional (58,97 ± 26,23); em relação à boa qualidade de vida foram encontrados: função sexual (80,17 ± 22,46), função cognitiva (80,26 ± 35,32), satisfação do paciente (83,33 ± 20,51) e estímulo por parte da equipe de diálise (91,59 ± 29,17). Discussão: Por comparação aos trabalhos realizados em Goiânia (2006), Indaiatuba (2009), Mogi das Cruzes (2014) e ao presente estudo (2017) verificaram escores semelhantes na maioria das dimensões avaliadas, a exemplo das funções social e satisfação do paciente. Conclusão: A qualidade de vida apresentou-se como boa na maioria das dimensões avaliadas, entretanto, os fatores determinantes da baixa qualidade de vida reforçam a ideia da implementação de estratégias da equipe de saúde para melhorar a expectativa de vida desses pacientes.

Chronic kidney disease represents a serious public health problem, due to the increasing rates of morbidity and mortality, which, associated with the routine of hemodialysis sessions, promotes changes in the quality of life of individuals with this condition. Objective: To evaluate factors related to the quality of life of chronic renal patients undergoing hemodialysis. Design and location: Cross-sectional, quantitative study, composed of 52 hemodialysis patients at the Santa Casa de Caridade hospital in Diamantina, Diamantina (MG), in 2017. Methods: Two questionnaires were used: socioeconomic-demographic and the Kidney Disease and Quality of instrument life Short Form. Data on quality of life were analyzed using the program developed and made available by the Working Group. Results: As factors related to low quality of life were found: occupational situation (33.65 ± 26.71), weight of kidney disease (49.28 ± 21.58), physical functioning (53.37 ± 22.39), general health (54.71 ± 27.19) and emotional function (58.97 ± 26.23); in relation to good quality of life, sexual function (80.17 ± 22.46), cognitive function (80.26 ± 35.32), patient satisfaction (83.33 ± 20.51) and stimulation on the part were found of the dialysis team (91.59 ± 29.17). Discussion: Comparing the studies carried out in Goiânia (2006), Indaiatuba (2009), Mogi das Cruzes (2014) and the present study (2017) found similar scores in most of the dimensions evaluated, such as social functions and patient satisfaction. Conclusion: Quality of life was shown to be good in most of the dimensions evaluated, however, the determinants of low quality of life reinforce the idea of implementing health team strategies to improve the life expectancy of these patients.

Antecedentes: La enfermedad renal crónica representa un grave problema de salud pública, debido a las crecientes tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad, y la asociada a la rutina de sesiones de hemodiálisis, promueve cambios en la calidad de vida de los individuos con esta condición. Objetivo: Evaluar los factores relacionados con la calidad de vida de los pacientes renales crónicos en tratamiento hemodialítico. Diseño y entorno: Estudio transversal, cuantitativo, compuesto por 52 pacientes en hemodiálisis en el hospital Santa Casa de Caridade de Diamantina, Diamantina (MG), en 2017. Métodos: Se utilizaron dos cuestionarios: socioeconómico-demográfico y el instrumento Kidney Disease and Quality of life Short Form. Los datos relativos a la calidad de vida fueron analizados por el programa preparado y puesto a disposición por el Grupo de Trabajo. Resultados: Como factores relacionados con la baja calidad de vida se encontraron: la situación laboral (33,65 ± 26,71), la carga de la enfermedad renal (49,28 ± 21,58), el funcionamiento físico (53,37 ± 22,39), la salud general (54,71 ± 27,19) y la función emocional (58,97 ± 26,23); en relación con la buena calidad de vida se encontraron: la función sexual (80,17 ± 22,46), la función cognitiva (80,26 ± 35,32), la satisfacción del paciente (83,33 ± 20,51) y el estímulo del equipo de diálisis (91,59 ± 29,17). Discusión: En comparación con los estudios realizados en Goiânia (2006), Indaiatuba (2009), Mogi das Cruzes (2014) y el presente estudio (2017) se encontraron puntuaciones similares en la mayoría de las dimensiones evaluadas, como las funciones sociales y la satisfacción del paciente. Conclusión: La calidad de vida se presentó como buena en la mayoría de las dimensiones evaluadas, mientras que los factores determinantes de la baja calidad de vida refuerzan la idea de la implementación de estrategias del equipo de salud para mejorar las expectativas de vida de los pacientes.

La oferta de médicos especialistas en Uruguay, 2020. El caso de la nefrología / Medical specialists supply in Uruguay in 2020. A study that focuses on nephrologists / Oferta de médicos especialistas no Uruguai, 2020. O caso da nefrologia

Resumen: Objetivo: estimar la oferta de nefrólogos en Uruguay en 2020. Método: Se plantea analizar las fuentes de información de acceso público como insumo para estimar la oferta de especialistas médicos en Uruguay, su completitud, fiabilidad y limitaciones. Resultados: en 2020, se identifican 178 médicos con desempeño profesional activo en el área de la nefrología en Uruguay. Es una especialidad con una pirámide feminizada (más del 70% son mujeres), y con más de la mitad de los médicos con edades por encima de los 49 años. Si se restringe el universo a los de 65 años o menos, el país cuenta con una oferta de 173 especialistas. Más allá de las limitaciones, es la mejor aproximación a la cantidad y estructura demográfica de la profesión en el país. Conclusiones: el estudio aporta una estimación sobre la oferta de recursos humanos en nefrología. El poder realizar este tipo de trabajo es un avance sustantivo para el Uruguay. La información y los sistemas de información se conciben como un insumo fundamental para el proceso de toma de decisión y gestión en salud. En tal sentido cobra relevancia la optimización del uso de los datos y la información disponible en cada momento, así como la identificación de los datos necesarios y no disponibles, de manera de promover su incorporación en próximas innovaciones de los sistemas de registros sistemáticos de datos.

Abstract: Objective: to estimate nephrologists´ supply in Uruguay in 2020. Method: an analysis of information sources of public access was performed to estimate medical specialists supply in Uruguay, as well as its completeness, reliability and limitations. Results: in 2020, 178 physicians were identified as active nephrology professionals in Uruguay. This area of specialization may be represented as a feminized pyramid, 70% of nephrologists are women and over 50% of them are over 49 years old. If you further restrict these specialists' universe to those who are 65 years old or younger, we find there are 173 medical specialists in Uruguay. Beyond limitations in the method, this is the most accurate survey in terms of the number of nephrologists in the country and the demographic structure of this medical specialization. Conclusions: the study provides an estimation on the human resources supply in nephrology. The ability to conduct this kind of study constitutes a significant progress in Uruguay. Information and information systems are seen as a key input to manage health issues and make decisions in the field of healthcare. As a matter of fact, optimization in the use of data and information available at any time, as well as identifying required data that are not available in order to promote its collection in future innovations of data recording systems is highly relevant.

Resumo: Objetivo: estimar a oferta de nefrologistas no Uruguai no ano de 2020. Método: propor a análise das futuras informações de acesso público como entrada para estimar a oferta de especialistas médicos no Uruguai, sua completitude, fiabilidade e limitações. Resultados: em 2020, foram identificados 178 médicos com desempenho profissional ativo na área da Nefrologia no Uruguai. É uma especialidade com uma pirâmide feminizada - mais de 70% são mulheres, e mais da metade dos médicos com mais de 49 anos. Se este universo for restringido a profissionais com 65 anos ou menos, o país conta com uma oferta de 173 especialistas. Mesmo considerando as limitações, esta é a melhor aproximação à quantidade e estrutura demográfica da profissão no país. Conclusões: o estudo aporta uma estimativa sobre a oferta de recursos humanos em nefrologia. A possibilidade de realizar este tipo de análise é um avanço importante para o Uruguai. A informação e os sistemas de informação são concebidos como um insumo fundamental para o processo de tomada de decisões e o processo de gestão em saúde. Sendo assim, a otimização do uso de dados e informações disponíveis em cada momento, bem como a identificação dos dados necessários e não disponíveis, para promover sua incorporação nas próximas inovações dos sistemas de registros sistemáticos de dados.

Bienestar espiritual en pacientes de servicios de oncología y hemodiálisis de dos centros de referencia

RESUMEN Introducción: la espiritualidad es un concepto muy amplio para la humanidad, su consenso para los diversos grupos se encuentra en estudio permanente. La importancia de introducir su abordaje en la salud integral del paciente es cada vez más significativa en la práctica médica. Objetivos: validar la escala MLQ de Steger de bienestar espiritual en idioma guaraní y evaluar el bienestar espiritual en pacientes de los servicios de oncología y hemodiálisis de dos centros de referencia. Métodos: la población enfocada fueron los pacientes en tratamiento oncológico y en diálisis de los servicios de oncología del Hospital de Clínicas (San Lorenzo) y de hemodiálisis del Sanatorio Español-NefroServ (Asunción) durante los meses de mayo, junio y julio de 2021. Se utilizó como instrumento la escala MLQ de Steger. El cuestionario evalúa dos dimensiones del significado de la vida utilizando 10 elementos clasificados en una escala de siete puntos. Se respetaron los aspectos éticos de la investigación en humanos. Resultados: se realizaron 107 cuestionarios, siendo 54 mujeres y 53 varones, 64 fueron tomados en el servicio de hemodiálisis y 41 en el servicio de oncología, 42 fueron realizados en guaraní y 65 en español, según preferencia del encuestado. El promedio de edad de la muestra fue 54,6 ± 14 años. De los encuestados, 11,2% (12) tenían formación primaria incompleta, 25,2% (27) primaria completa, 14,01% (15) secundaria incompleta, 13,08% (14) secundaria, 25,2% (27) terciario y 11,2% (12) no respondieron a esta pregunta. En relación con la religión, 99 manifestaron profesar la religión católica (92,5%). Se utilizó la medición de confiabilidad alfa de Cronbach para medir el grado de fiabilidad de la escala realizada en idioma guaraní, arrojando un valor de 0,87 (alta confiabilidad). Conclusión: se ha logrado probar la validez del instrumento en el idioma guaraní para la comunidad paraguaya guaraní-parlante. Además, se han observado las tendencias en términos de medición del bienestar espiritual entre las muestras estudiadas y sus diferentes perfiles, lo que permite un abordaje más integral en el tratamiento, con las repercusiones que este bienestar pueda generar también en el aspecto físico, más allá de la medicina tradicional.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Spirituality is a very broad concept for humanity, its consensus for the various groups is under permanent study. The importance of introducing its approach in the comprehensive health of the patient is increasingly significant in medical practice. Objectives: To validate the Steger MLQ scale of spiritual well-being in the Guarani language and evaluate the spiritual well-being in patients of the oncology and hemodialysis services of two referral centers. Methods: The target population was patients undergoing cancer treatment and dialysis from the oncology services of the Hospital de Clínicas (San Lorenzo) and the hemodialysis services of the Sanatorio Español-NefroServ (Asunción) during the months of May, June and July 2021. The Steger MLQ scale was used as the instrument. This questionnaire assesses two dimensions of meaning in life using ten items rated on a seven-point scale. The ethical aspects of human research were respected. Results: One hundred seven questionnaires were completed, 54 women and 53 men, 64 were taken in the hemodialysis service and 41 in the oncology service, 42 were done in Guarani and 65 in Spanish, according to the respondent's preference. The average age of the sample was 54.6 ± 14 years. Of those surveyed, 11.2% (12) had incomplete primary education, 25.2% (27) completed primary, 14.01% (15) incomplete secondary, 13.08% (14) secondary, 25.2% (27) tertiary and 11.2% (12) did not answer this question. In relation to religion, 99 stated that they profess the Catholic religion (92.5%). Cronbach's alpha reliability test was used to measure the degree of reliability of the scale carried out in the Guarani language, yielding a value of 0.87 (high reliability). Conclusion: It was possible to test the validity of the instrument in the Guarani language for the Guarani-speaking Paraguayan community. In addition, trends have been observed in terms of measuring spiritual well-being in the samples studied and their different profiles, which allows a more comprehensive approach to treatment, with the repercussions that this well-being can also generate in the physical aspect, beyond traditional medicine.

Evaluación de las necesidades de recursos humanos en salud: aplicación a la estimación de nefrólogos en Uruguay / Assessing the need for human resources in health: Nephrologist supply forecast in Uruguay / Avaliação das necessidades de recursos humanos em saúde: aplicação à estimativa de nefrologistas no Uruguai

Introducción: mejorar la salud de la población, considerando acceso universal con equidad, requiere de un número de profesionales y una distribución de los mismos adecuada a los problemas de salud de las personas. Las metodologías rigurosas deberían incorporar la identificación de las necesidades en salud para poder cumplir con este principio. Objetivo: estimar estándares de necesidad de nefrólogos para la población de Uruguay en 2020. Método: se conformó un grupo de referentes en nefrología procedentes de la academia y/o Sociedad Científica, se recabaron antecedentes y fuentes de la especialidad vinculadas a los problemas de salud renal en la población. Se definieron un conjunto de supuestos y condiciones iniciales. Se estimó la necesidad de nefrólogos de Uruguay para el año 2020, total del país y por departamento, expresada en valores absolutos y en términos de tasas de profesionales respecto a la población. Se identificaron escenarios alternativos de necesidad a partir de modificaciones de las condiciones iniciales. Resultados: para todo el país la necesidad de nefrólogos se estima entre 139 y 192 profesionales, esto implica una tasa de necesidad en un rango de 39 a 54 por millón de habitantes. Conclusiones: el estudio es el primero en Uruguay en reportar estándares de necesidad de nefrólogos expresados en términos de tasas de especialistas por población en diferentes escenarios definidos a partir de criterios que han sido explicitados y fundamentados.

Introduction: improving the health of populations by means of favoring universal access with equity requires the appropriate number and right distribution of professionals, according to the different health problems people face. Rigorous methodologies should include identification of health requirements in order to comply with this principle. Objective: to estimate the demand for nephrologists in the Uruguayan population in 2020. Method: a group of reference nephrologists - scholars or members of the scientific society - was formed to forecast the demand for these specialists. To that end they reviewed historical data and sources of this field of knowledge that have some connection with kidney diseases in the studied population. Subsequently, a number of assumptions and initial conditions were defined to conduct the study. The demand for nephrologists in Uruguay by 2020 was estimated for the whole country and by department, and it was expressed in absolute values and professional-to-population ratio. Alternative requirement scenarios were identified based on modifications to the initial conditions. Results: the demand for nephrologists is between 139 and 192 professionals, which implies a 39 to 54 per 1 million inhabitants ratio. Conclusions: this is the first one of this kind of studies conducted in Uruguay to report standards for nephrologists requirement in specialists per one million inhabitants, for different scenarios defined based on criteria that have been made explicit and backed.

Introdução: melhorar a saúde da população, considerando o acesso universal com equidade, requer um número de profissionais com uma distribuição adequada aos problemas de saúde das pessoas. Para cumprir este princípio são necessárias metodologias rigorosas que incorporem a identificação das necessidades de saúde. Objetivo: estimar padrões de necessidade de nefrologistas para a população do Uruguai em 2020. Método: formou-se um grupo de referência em nefrologia da academia e/ou Sociedade Científica, que pesquisaram os antecedentes e as fontes da especialidade ligados a problemas de saúde renal na população. Um conjunto de premissas e condições iniciais foi definido. A necessidade de nefrologistas no Uruguai foi estimada para o ano de 2020, para o total do país e por departamento, expressa em valores absolutos e em termos de proporção de profissionais para a população. Cenários alternativos de necessidade foram identificados com base em modificações das condições iniciais. Resultados: para todo o país, a necessidade de nefrologistas está entre 139 e 192 profissionais, o que implica uma taxa de necessidade na faixa de 39 a 54 por milhão de habitantes. Conclusões: o estudo é o primeiro no Uruguai a relatar padrões de necessidade de nefrologistas expressos em termos de taxas de especialistas por população, em diferentes cenários definidos com base em critérios explicados e fundamentados.

Quality of Life and Associated Risk Factors in Hemodialysis: Perspective from a Center in the Dominican Republic

Background: Chronic kidney disease has an overall prevalence of 10 %. It can progress to a condition called end-stage renal disease. Therapies such as hemodialysis are necessary at this stage. Our study aims to measure the quality of life of patients on hemodialysis. Methods: We conducted an observational, cross-sectional study with 81 patients. Data was collected using a survey that included sociodemographic variables, the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Screening Index (CES-D), and the Kidney Disease Quality of Life (KDQOL-SF36). Data were analyzed using the software Epi Info™ 7.2, t-test, ANOVA, and correlation coefficient. Results: The severity of symptoms is more significant in the female sex than in males (65.7117 vs. 74.2874). All of the components of the KDQOL-SF36 showed a negative correlation with the CES-D. Household income had a mild positive correlation with the scale (r = 0.2608, p = 0.0229). Physical activity was shown to be associated with the physical component of the scale (41.6346 vs. 35.7365, p = 0.0412). Patients with partners were associated with higher quality of life scores than single patients (53.6585 vs. 42.6783, p = 0.0348). Conclusion: This is the first study conducted in the Dominican Republic to analyze the variables affecting the quality of life in patients in hemodialysis units. The severity of the symptoms increased in female patients, and patients without a partner are associated with worse quality of life scores.

Introducción: la enfermedad renal crónica presenta una prevalencia global del 10 % y puede progresar a una condición llamada enfermedad renal en etapa terminal. Terapias como la hemodiálisis son necesarias en esta etapa. Nuestro estudio tiene como objetivo medir la calidad de vida de pacientes en hemodiálisis. Método: se realizó un estudio observacional transversal, en el cual se recolectaron los datos de 81 pacientes. Para esto, se aplicó un cuestionario con las variables sociodemográficas, así como la escala CES-D y la escala KDQOL-SF36. Los datos se analizaron con el software Epi Info ™ 7.2. mediante la prueba t, ANOVA y el coeficiente de correlación. Resultados: la gravedad de los síntomas fue mayor en el sexo femenino que en el masculino (65,7117 vs. 74,2874). Los componentes de KDQOL-SF36 mostraron una correlación negativa con la puntuación de la escala CES-D. El ingreso del hogar tuvo una correlación positiva leve (r = 0,2608, p = 0,0229). La actividad física mostró estar asociada con la escala (41,6346 vs. 35,7365, p = 0,0412). Los pacientes con parejas tuvieron mejor calidad de vida que los pacientes solteros (53.6585 vs 42.6783, p = 0.0348). Conclusiones: este es el primer estudio realizado en la República Dominicana con el fin de evaluar las variables que afectan la calidad de vida de los pacientes en hemodiálisis. La gravedad de los síntomas aumentó en pacientes del sexo femenino y vivir sin pareja estuvo asociado a un menor puntaje en las escalas de calidad de vida.

Telemedicine in Paediatric Subspecialty : A Low Cost Model for Developing Countries during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background : Telemedicine is the delivery of Health Care Services using information and communication technologies. Most models of Telemedicine in developed countries involve high-cost infrastructure. The COVID-19 pandemic imposed lockdowns and travel restrictions have highlighted the importance and the necessity of an economically viable model of telemedicine for resource-poor countries like India. Methods : We conducted a prospective study to assess the feasibility, acceptability and effectiveness of low-cost model of Telemedicine services for regular follow-up as well as for triaging. A combination of WhatsApp/email using smartphones and Electronic Medical Records (EMR) system was used to provide Telemedicine services. At the end of the e-consult, the patient/ parents were asked to rate their experience on a scale of 0 to 10. Results : A total of 155 children and 865 consults were included. The mean age of the children was 8.5 years. Forty-four consultations were given to 12 (7.7%) International patients. Thirty-eight (24.5%) patients were seen for the first time via Teleconsultation and the remaining 117 (75.5%) were follow-up patients. The most common diagnosis was Nephrotic Syndrome (51.6%) followed by Chronic Kidney Disease (21.9%), Urinary Tract Infection (10.3%), Kidney-transplant follow-up (6.4%), Acute Glomerulonephritis (3.8%), and Acute Kidney Injury (2.6%). Twenty-three patients were advised admission after the Teleconsultation and the remaining 122 children were advised follow-up e-consults. The mean satisfaction score reported for e-consults was 9.4. Conclusion : Our low-cost Telemedicine model offered a viable modality for delivery of Paediatric Nephrology Services during lockdown period and can be replicated by pediatricians practicing other subspecialties as well

Safety and efficacy of arteriovenous fistula angioplasties performed by nephrologists: report from a Brazilian interventional nephrology center / Segurança e eficácia de angioplastias de fístulas arteriovenosas realizadas por nefrologistas: relato de um centro de nefrologia intervencionista brasileiro

ABSTRACT Introduction: Arteriovenous fistulas (AVF) are the first choice vascular access for hemodialysis. However, they present a high incidence of venous stenosis leading to thrombosis. Although training in interventional nephrology may improve accessibility for treatment of venous stenosis, there is limited data on the safety and efficacy of this approach performed by trained nephrologists in low-income and developing countries. Methods: This study presents the retrospective results of AVF angioplasties performed by trained nephrologists in a Brazilian outpatient interventional nephrology center. The primary outcome was technical success rate (completion of the procedure with angioplasty of all stenoses) and secondary outcomes were complication rates and overall AVF patency. Findings: Two hundred fifty-six angioplasties were performed in 160 AVF. The technical success rate was 88.77% and the main cause of technical failure was venous occlusion (10%). The incidence of complications was 13.67%, with only one patient needing hospitalization and four accesses lost due to the presence of hematomas and/or thrombosis. Grade 1 hematomas were the most frequent complication (8.2%). The overall patency found was 88.2 and 80.9% at 180 and 360 days after the procedure, respectively. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that AVF angioplasty performed by trained nephrologists has acceptable success rates and patency, with a low incidence of major complications as well as a low need for hospitalization.

RESUMO Introdução: As fístulas arteriovenosas (FAV) são a primeira escolha de acesso vascular para hemodiálise. No entanto, elas apresentam uma alta incidência de estenoses venosas levando à trombose. Embora o treinamento em nefrologia intervencionista possa melhorar a acessibilidade para o tratamento das estenoses venosas, há dados limitados sobre a segurança e a eficácia desta abordagem realizada por nefrologistas treinados em países em desenvolvimento e de baixa renda. Métodos: Este estudo apresenta os resultados retrospectivos de angioplastias de FAV realizadas por nefrologistas treinados em um centro ambulatorial brasileiro de nefrologia intervencionista. O desfecho primário foi a taxa de sucesso técnico (conclusão do procedimento com angioplastia de todas as estenoses) e os desfechos secundários foram taxas de complicação e a patência geral das FAV. Achados: Duzentas e cinquenta e seis angioplastias foram realizadas em 160 FAV. A taxa de sucesso técnico foi de 88,77% e a principal causa de falha técnica foi a oclusão venosa (10%). A incidência de complicações foi de 13,67%, com apenas um paciente necessitando de internação e quatro acessos perdidos devido à presença de hematomas e/ou trombose. Hematomas de grau 1 foram a complicação mais frequente (8,2%). A patência geral encontrada foi de 88,2 e 80,9% a 180 e 360 dias após o procedimento, respectivamente. Conclusão: Nossos achados sugerem que a angioplastia de FAV realizada por nefrologistas treinados tem taxas de sucesso e patência aceitáveis, com uma baixa incidência de complicações maiores, bem como uma baixa necessidade de hospitalização.

The Brazilian Society of Nephrology Code of Conduct: a bioethical analysis / Código de Conduta da Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia: uma análise bioética

Abstract Introduction: Professional deontology can be defined as a set of principles, values and rules of conduct to be applied in the exercise of functions and inherent to a given profession. Nephrology was one of the medical specialties most affected by the mismatch between the accelerated technological development and the ethical dilemmas resulting from it. Recently, the Brazilian Society of Nephrology (SBN) edited its code of conduct, which until then did not exist. Method: Qualitative study with content analysis of the chapters and articles of the SBN Code of Conduct, from the perspective of principlism bioethics. Results: The four moral principles of beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy and justice were found asymmetrically throughout the document, with beneficence predominating over the others. Discussion: The SBN Code of Conduct predominantly expresses the ethical duties that an associate must comply with, but also restrictions on malfeasance, autonomy and justice, anchoring decision-making by managers and including the distribution of possible punishments. It is an unfinished document; therefore, it must be periodically revised, as expected, due to the rapid technological changes, as well as the need for constructive moderation in the relations of nephrologists with each other and, between them, with the Industry, as well as all the ethical consequences arising from these factors.

Resumo Introdução: A deontologia profissional pode ser definida como determinado conjunto de princípios, valores e regras de conduta a serem aplicadas no exercício das funções e inerentes a uma determinada profissão. A nefrologia foi uma das especialidades médicas mais afetadas com o descompasso entre o acelerado desenvolvimento tecnológico e os dilemas éticos decorrentes dele. Recentemente, a Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia (SBN) editou seu código de conduta, até então inexistente. Método: Estudo qualitativo com análise de conteúdo dos capítulos e artigos do Código de Conduta da SBN, sob a ótica da bioética principialista. Resultados: Os quatro princípios morais de beneficência, não maleficência, autonomia e justiça foram encontrados de maneira assimétrica em todo o documento, com predomínio da beneficência sobre os demais. Discussão: O Código de Conduta da SBN exprime de maneira predominante os deveres éticos a que um associado deve se atentar, mas também restrições à maleficência, autonomia e justiça, ancorando a tomada de decisão pelos gestores e incluindo a distribuição de possíveis punições. É um documento inacabado, portanto deve ser revisto periodicamente, como previsto, em virtude das rápidas transformações tecnológicas, bem como da necessidade de moderação construtiva das relações dos nefrologistas entre si e, destes, com a Indústria, bem como todos os desdobramentos éticos advindos desses fatores.

The first appointment with a nephrologist: Brazilian patients' demographic and kidney function characteristics. A retrospective study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The number of nephrologists has risen slowly, compared with the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Brazil. Data on patients referred to nephrology outpatient clinics remains scarce. OBJECTIVE: To determine the demographic and kidney function characteristics of patients at their first appointment with a nephrologist. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective study conducted at three nephrology outpatient clinics (public and private services), in São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: From December 2019 to February 2020, we collected patient data regarding demographics, kidney function parameters and comorbidities. We then analyzed data on 394 patients who met a nephrologist for their first appointment. RESULTS: The main comorbidities were hypertension (63.7%), diabetes (33.5%) and nephrolithiasis (22.3%). Regarding CKD stages, 24.1%, 9.1%, 13.7%, 15.2%, 15.2% and 2.3% of the patients were in stages 1, 2, 3a, 3b, 4 and 5, respectively. Proteinuria was absent or mild, moderate and high in 17.3%, 15.2% and 11.7%, respectively; and 16.2% had not undergone previous investigation of serum creatinine or proteinuria (55.8%). For 17.5%, referral to a nephrologist occurred late. Patients in public services were older than those in private services (59 years versus 51 years, respectively; P = 0.001), more frequently hypertensive (69.7% versus 57.5%; P = 0.01) and reached a nephrologist later (22.4% versus 12.4%; P = 0.009). CONCLUSION: Referrals to a nephrologist were not being made using any guidelines for CKD risk and many cases could have been managed within primary care. Late referral to a nephrologist happened in one-fifth of the cases and more frequently in the public service.